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Container Orchestration Comparison

About

My employer wants to move our application to the cloud over the next few years. To do that, we need to see the state of the current ecosystem. This is the result of a few days/weeks of reading on the container orchestration subject and collecting data from different sources of information. It is in an attempt at getting an overview of the different container orchestrators available prior to attempting a proof of concept. It is by no mean formed from personnal experience regarding those tools and should not be treated as such.

We haven't found a centralized source of comparison between the different tools available and had to search for what needs to be taken into consideration and what each tool has to offer. The result is what we believe most outsiders of this ecosystem would observe over their first contact. Is this the true portrait of the ecosystem? Have we missed tools or features that should also be considered? Are some of the information wrong?

Your contributions are welcomed. Your experience is valuable to create a better overview of the ecosystem.

Contribution

Orchestrator softwares

Orchestrator Maintainer V1 Release Development Status License Support Community Size
Docker Swarm Docker 2015 Active but flagged as legacy Apache License 2.0 Yes 4k+ Stars, 800+ Forks, 150+ Contributors
Docker Swarm Mode Docker 2016 Active Apache License 2.0 Yes 1k+ Stars, 200+ Forks, 70+ Contributors
Kubernetes CNCF 2015 Active Apache License 2.0 From third parties 20k+ Stars, 7k+ Forks, 1k+ Contributors
Mesos Apache Software Foundation 2016 Active Apache License 2.0 Yes 2k+ Stars, 1k+ Forks, 200+ Contributors
Nomad Hashicorp N/A Active Mozilla Public License 2.0 Yes 2k+ Stars, 400+ Forks, 100+ Contributors

Orchestrator features

Features Docker Swarm Docker Swarm mode Kubernetes Mesos Nomad
Scheduler Architecture Monolithic Shared State [source required] Shared State Two Level Shared State
Container agnostic No No Yes, Docker and rkt Yes, Docker, rkt and other drivers Yes, Docker, rkt and other drivers
Service discovery No native support, requires third parties source Native support source Native support with an intra-cluster DNS source
or
Using environment variables source
Native support with Mesos-DNS source Requires Consul but easy integration provided source
Secret management No native support [source required] Native support with Docker Secret Management source Native support with secret objects source No native support, depends on the framework source Requires Vault but easy integration provided source
Configuration management Through env variables in compose files source Through env variables in compose files source Native support through ConfigMap source
or
Injecting configuration using environment variables source
No native support, depends on the framework source Through the env stanza in the job specifications source
Logging Requires to configure a logging driver and forward to a third party such as the ELK stack Requires to configure a logging driver and forward to a third party such as the ELK stack Requires to forward logs to a third party such as the ELK stack source With ContainerLogger or provided by the frameworks source With the logs stanza to configure where to store the logs for the containers source
Monitoring Requires to use a third party to keep track of all the containers status source Requires to use a third party to keep track of all the containers status source With Heapsters providing a base monitoring platform sending data to a storage backend source Sends Observability Metrics to a third party monitoring dashboard source By outputting resource data to statsite and statsd source
High-Availability Native support by creating multiple manager source Native support from the distribution of manager nodes source Native support by replicating master in a HA-cluster source Native support from having multiple masters with ZooKeeper coordinating source Native support from the distribution of server nodes source
Load balancing No native support [source required] By exposing ports for services to an external load balancer source External load balancer automatically created in front of a service configured for such source Provided from the selected framework such as Marathon source Can use Consul integration to do the load balancing using third parties source
Networking Uses Docker networking facilities source Uses Docker networking facilities source Requires the use of third parties to form an overlay network source Requires the use of third parties for networking solutions source No native support for network overlay but handles the exposed services through the network stanza source
Application definition Uses Docker Compose files source Can use the experimental stack command to read Docker-Compose format source Using yaml format to define the different objects e.g. Depends on the framework source Using HCL, a proprietary language similar to json source
Deployment No deployment strategies, only applies the Docker Compose on a cluster [source required] Supports rolling update in service definitions and applies it on image update source
Supports roll-back source
Native support for deployment with the Deployment definition source Depends on the framework source Natively support multiple deployment strategies such as rolling upgrades and canary deployments source
Auto-scaling No [source required] No, but has easy manual scalling available source Native supports to autoscale pods within a given range source Depends on the framework source Only available through HashiCorp private platform Atlas source
Self-healing No [source required] Yes source Yes source Depends on the framework source Yes source
Stateful support Through the use of data volumes source Through the use of data volumes source Through StatefulSets source
or
Using persistent volumes source
Through the creation of persistent volumes source Using Docker Volumes source
Development environment Can use the same or similar Docker Compose files to create the dev environment Can use the same or similar Docker Compose files to create the dev environment Can use minikube to quickly create a single node Kubernetes cluster to create the dev environment source Depends on the framework but a Mesos cluster can be installed locally By running a single nomad agent that is both server and client to create the dev environment
Documentations Initially confusing due to the change from Docker Swarm to Docker engine Swarm mode Initially confusing due to the change from Docker Swarm to Docker engine Swarm mode Sometimes difficult to search due to the changes of documentation platforms (github to kubernetes.io) and then organisation (from user-guide/ to tasks/, tutorials/ and concepts/ Very detailed and centralized. The chosen framework will also have to be considered as it will have its own documentation Simple and centralized but as the project is young, it lacks in external sources

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A comparison of the different container orchestration tools available.

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